Clinical significance




A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus which may be carried out for a number of reasons including the ridding of tumours both benign and malignant. A complete hysterectomy involves the removal of the body, fundus, and cervix of the uterus. A partial hysterectomy may just involve the removal of the uterine body while leaving the cervix intact. It is the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure.

During pregnancy the growth rate of the fetus can be assessed by measuring the fundal height.

Some pathological states include:

  • Prolapse of the uterus
  • Carcinoma of the cervix – malignant neoplasm
  • Carcinoma of the uterus – malignant neoplasm
  • Fibroids – benign neoplasms
  • Adenomyosis – ectopic growth of endometrial tissue within the myometrium
  • Endometritis, infection at the uterine cavity.
  • Pyometra – infection of the uterus, most commonly seen in dogs
  • Uterine malformations mainly congenital malformations including Uterine Didelphys, bicornuate uterus and septate uterus. It also includes congenital absence of the uterus Rokitansky syndrome
  • Asherman's syndrome, also known as intrauterine adhesions occurs when the basal layer of the endometrium is damaged by instrumentation (e.g. D&C) or infection (e.g. endometrial tuberculosis) resulting in endometrial scarring followed by adhesion formation which partially or completely obliterates the uterine cavity.
  • Hematometra, which is accumulation of blood within the uterus.
  • Accumulation of fluids other than blood or of unknown constitution. One study came to the conclusion that postmenopausal women with endometrial fluid collection on gynecologic ultrasonography should undergo endometrial biopsy if the endometrial lining is thicker than 3 mm or the endometrial fluid is echogenic. In cases of a lining 3 mm or less and clear endometrial fluid, endometrial biopsy was not regarded to be necessary, but endocervical curettage to rule out endocervical cancer was recommended.
  • Myometritis – inflammation of the muscular uterine wall.

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